Synposting
The following sections will be included in the introduction:
- Overview of urban health issues and their effects to the population
- Obesity prevalence in the United Kingdom (U.K.) and United States (U.S.)
This section will introduce readers to obesity and its prevelence for the last two centuries in U.K. and U.S. and compared to other regions in the world.
- The objectives of the study
- Thesis statement
Rationale: why obesity is an urban health issue
According to a recent study, national guidelines on peoples’ ideal weight were drawn and the researchers found that overweight people have higher chances of experiencing mortality risk compared to those of normal weight. These studies show that obesity is an urban health issue and people ought to be more aware of its dangers. Main areas in affected with this health issue in London include Westbournene, Queenspark, Harrow road, church street, churchill, North and South of Borough. In the U.K. the prevalence of obesity is slightly higher in females (25.6%) than in males(22.6%) and increases with age (Reilly, et al,2003). Figure 1 shows obesity prevalence in the U.K. between 1980 and 2010. Figure 2 shows an epidemiological data on obesity prevelence in relation to age.
Figure 1: Obesity prevelence in U.K.
Figure 2: An epidemiological data on obesity prevelence in relation to age
The past research shows prevalence of obesity among Westminster dwellers has steadily increased for the past 10 years. In 2012, around 65%of UK adults were classified as overweight or obese. More than 25% fell under the obese category. It is predicted that there will be continued increase in overweight and obesity across all age groups. Obesity has always been asociated with negative health implications such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Many deaths have resulted from cardiovascular diseases over the past few years and as a result, obesity has become an issue of concern to researchers. According to studies, people who live near parks tend to be more physically active because they are likely to use them more for physicall exercises (Millward 2013).
Acording to Dor, Langwith & Tan, (2010), though obesity is common in all population groups, there exists a variation in the distribution across the UK population. It is more prevalent in areas such as Harrow road and Queenspark. Many features of the suburban built environment are associated with decreased physical activity hence higher risks of being obese. Some of these features might include street conectivity that do not allow physical activity.
Determinants of obesity in an urban set up
Obesity is a complex phenomena which involves a wide range of behavioural, societal and biological factors. In 1997, obesity was recognised by a World Health Organization as an epidemic. Economic growth and globalization of food markets were found to be the main determinants of obesity. Other determinants include diet, sedentary lifestyles, higher income and changes in consumer behaviour (Gentile, Panico, et al 2010). Most people in urban areas consume mainly junk foods, snacking and high sugar containing foods which are high in calorie content. Calories are known to be the determining factors of obesity when consumed in large quantities over a given period of time. When talking of physical activity, data shows that people living in Westminster or other urban areas get less than the recomended daily exercises. This results to lack of cardio-respiratory fitness. It is more common among the adult generation since they don’t engage in much physical exercises.
Sedentary lifestyles- a lot of time is spent watching television, videos or using computers, studying and other sedentary hobbies. High level of screen time is usually associated with greate risks of being obese. However, this should not be confused with lack of physical exercise. Most urban dwellers earn high incomes. This comes with prestige and bad consumption habits which lead to obesity (Segel 2011).
Consequences of obesity
Obesity, just like other diseases, has an impact on communities, nations and even individuals. Some of these effects include heart and stroke diseases, diabetes and cancer. Heart disease and stroke are the major consequences of obesity, and are the major causes of death and disability for both men and women in the Western World. Obese people are more likely to have high blood pressure. This a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke, than people who are not overweight. high blood levels of cholesterol and blood fats can also lead to heart disease and often are linked to being overweight (Public Health England 2013).
Diabetes-Obesity
Acording to Bray (2004), diabetes- obesity is usually associated with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Type 2 is the most common type of diabetes in the Western World. Type 2 diabetes lowers the ability of the body to control blood sugar. This results to early death, heart disease, kidney disease, stroke, and blindness. Type 2 diabetes can be reduced by an increase of physical activity.
Cancer
Different types of cancer are brought by obesity. these include cancer of the uterus, gallbladder, cervix, ovary, breast, and colon. This is most common in women who are overweight. Overweight men also have greater chances of getting cancer of the colon and prostate. This is caused by the extra weight and excess fats. Excess weight also leads to premature wear and tear of the joints. There are changes (osteoarthritis) of the knee and hip joints which limits mobility. According to research, Arthritis has been reported to be common in obese women (Pergola, G. D., & Silvestris 2013).
According to (Danaei, et al 2009), the health care costs of obesity in the U.K were estimated to be as high as $170 billion in 2007. This includes amount of money spent directly on medical care and prescription drugs related to obesity. Other costs associated with obesity include cost of lost days of work, insurance premiums, lower-income and wages linked to obesity-related complications. Obese employees miss more days from work as a result of short-term complications brought by obesity. Employers, on the other hand, pay higher life insurance premiums.
Policies, preventions and awareness
Regular physical exercises can serve as a better way of preventing obesity. Proper exercise leads to burning of excess calories which cause obesity. Healthy eating habits should be adopted. Foods with high sugar content and excess snacking should be avoided. More fruits and vegetables should be taken. People should be made aware of the health implications of obesity country-wide. This can be done through the mass media and other forms of massage transmission that can reach a larger population at once. Screen time i.e. time spent watching television and using computers should be minimized. (Colditz, 2008).
Personal interventions should be encouraged. This refers to what individuals can do to mitigate this health problem. An example is vaccination of communicable diseases. Incentives should play a bigger part in encouraging healthy eating and physical exercises. Many legislative proposals can be put in place such as fitness bonuses on tax returns, incentives for weight reduction.
Building standards for public buildings should be encouraged. Buildings with multiple stairs are a good opportunity for people to exercise. Codes could require that the stairs be designed in such a way so as to encourage their use. Nutrition support should also be given to older generation. National strategies to promote and increase consumption of fruits and vegetables and reduce consumption of saturated fats should be formulated. A written policy document which is concerned with nutrition should be drawn up and made available to the whole public. Schools should also chip in by coming up with health and nutrition education programs. This should be a national rule which all schools and colleges should adhere to. The government needs to come up with a legislation requiring labeling of nutritional values of all food stuffs sold. Information such as ingredients and corresponding energy intake should be included.
Recommendation
The expected recommendations include conducting campaigns to create awareness on the side effects of obesity and how to prevent its prevalence. Secondly, the study will provide a recommendation to the urban dwellers on the type of diet they should take and the amount of weight one is expected to have. Finally, a recommendation to the government and health centers to introduce medical support at low cost for obese people.
Conclusion
Obesity is a general health problem that affects all age groups and as a result, all parties should take participation in reducing and preventing its effects. The ministry of health, together with ministry of agriculture should come up with proper administrative structure responsible for the implementation of the above policies.
References list
BRAY, G. A. 2004). “Medical consequences of obesity,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89(6), 1-32.
CAWLEY, J. MEYERHOEFER, C. (2012). “The medical care costs of obesity, an instrumental variables approach,” Journal of Health Economics, 31(1), 219-300
COLDITZ G. W. & WANG, Y. C. (2008). Economic costs of obesity, Obesity Epidemiology, New York: Oxford University Press.
DANAE, G., DING, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., et al. (2009). The preventable causes of death in the United States, comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors,
COLDITZ G. A. (2009). Economic costs of obesity. Retrieved from:
http://www.healthycommunitieshealthyfuture.org/learn-the-facts/economic-costs-of-obesity/
DAY, K. & ALFONZO, M, (2009). Overweight and obesity in urban centres. New York:
DOR, A. F., LANGWITH, C., & TAN, E. (2010). A heavy burden, The individual costs of being overweight and obese in the United States, The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services Department of Health Policy.
FINKELSTEIN, E. A., TROGDON, J. G., COHEN, J. W. & DIETZ, W. (2009). Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: Prayer-and-service specific estimates. Project HOPE-The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc. retrieved from:
http://dhss.alaska.gov/ahcc/Documents/meetings/200908/pdf/obesity.pdf
PANEL, NHLBI OBESITY EDUCATION INITIATIVE EXPERT. (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
REILLY, J., METHVEN, E., McDOWELL, Z., HACKING, B., ALEXANDER, D., STEWART, L & KELNAR, C. (2003). “Health consequences of obesity,” Archives of disease in childhood, 88(9), 748-752.
RUSELL, P., LOPEZ, H. & PATRICIA, (2004). Obesity, physical activity and urban environment. USA: Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source
TROGDON, J. G., FINKELSTEIN, E. A., HYLANDS, T., DELLEA, P. S., KAMAL-BAHL, S. J. (2008). “Indirect costs of obesity, a review of the current literature.” Obesity Review, 9(5), 489-500.
WANG, C. Y., MCPHERSON, K., MARSH, T., GORTMAKER, S., & BROWN, M. (2011). “Health and economic burden of the projected obesity trends in the USA and the UK,” The Lancet, 378(9793), 525-527
ZAMBONI, M. G, ET AL. (2005). “Health consequences of obesity in the elderly, a review of four unresolved questions.” International journal of obesity, 29(9), 55-71
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
