The nervous system
The nervous system is an integral part of the human body as it not only influences behavior, thoughts, and emotions but also regulates significant body activities such as breathing in and out of air. For this reason, there is a need to study the nervous system to understand its functions and how to rectify potential problems. Today, neuroscientists are studying the causes of more than 1,000 brain disorders such as Schizophrenia to understand how to prevent and treat them. Nevertheless, Dr. Robert Heath is one of the many scientists who conducted studies about human brains. Precisely, Dr. Heath performed extensive research to determine the electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB). He believed that physicians could utilize ESB to treat homosexuality. Dr. Heath primarily used African Americans as his subjects and received funds from the U.S. military and the CIA. Later, Gero Miesenboeck expanded Dr. Heath’s work as he utilized classical conditioning approaches to study the human brain. Heath’s and Meisonboeck’s experiments have similar goals and different experimental subjects, while Meisonboeck’s use of fruit flies proves the classical conditioning theory.
Comparison of Dr. Heath’s and Miesenboeck’s Experiments
Robert Heath’s bold experiments on the etiology of schizophrenia
The U.S. government through the military and the CIA funded and supported Robert Heath’s bold experiments on the etiology of schizophrenia. Heath worked alongside a multidisciplinary team at Tulane University in New Orleans. They focused on an area deep within the brain that had a group of interconnected structures such as the hippocampus, the limbic system, and the septum which generates feelings and powerful emotions. Heath and his team also started to perform surgical operations on various mental patients to insert electrodes and small tubes in their brain from 1950. Several videos about Heath’s research show a specific circuitry and the neurochemical procedures that Heath and his team discovered after studying schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Heath later adopted the same techniques of electrical and chemical stimulation for therapeutic purposes on patients whom physicians had initially considered untreatable. As a result, Heath and his team performed surgical operations on more than sixty patients over the span of a quarter-century. Heath and his team would use the operations to insert about 125 electrodes in the skull of a single patient. They also developed mechanisms that ensured the electrodes remained in place for years. Nevertheless, scientists later unveiled technological innovations such as external push-button self-stimulators that physicians could use for therapeutic purposes.
While he undoubtedly acknowledged Heath’s efforts, Geo Miesenboeck decided to utilize a less invasive approach to major surgery. Miesenboeck utilized the classical conditioning techniques to expand on Heath’s research which helped him to experiment with light and flies. According to Ivan Pavlov who formulated the classical condition theory, an unconditioned stimulus elicits an actual response when a physician presents it to a person or a scientists presents it to an animal during an experiment. Pavlov further adds that the addition of a neutral stimulus to the unconditional stimulus contributes to the unconditioned response. For this reason, Miesenboeck used scents and blue light to stimulate and influence flies. He later realized that a scientist can train an animal in this manner and used this discovery to improve his theory of optogenetic control. Today, scientists utilize smell and red or blue lights to study the human brain and other conditions such as mental illnesses and epilepsy.
The contrast of Dr. Heath’s and Miesenboeck’s Experiments
Robert Heath utilized some of the most barbaric experiments ever in the scientific research field in his psychiatric treatment of African Americans. For instance, Heath used black prisoners for psychosurgery experiments which involved the implantation of electrodes into the brain. Robert Heath and his counterpart Harry Bailey even bragged at some point that they utilized African Americans for experiments because they were cheaper and readily available compared to experimental animals such as cats. The CIA also funded Heath to perform drug experiments that included bulbocapnine. Medical experts warn that the consumption of this drug in large doses produces stupor and catatonia. Nevertheless, Heath tested this drug on African American inmates at a Louisiana prison to determine whether it caused loss of sensitivity to pain, loss of will power, and loss of memory among other issues.
On the contrary, Miesenboeck used animals to experiment with his theory of optogenetic control using the classical conditioning method. Precisely, Miesenboeck used optogenetics to not only develop a method to control the function of human nerve cells but also to advance the understanding of how the brain controls a human’s behavior. Miesenboeck and his team first modified nerve cells to make them react to light. He then flashed a light at a modified neuron in a living organism to mimic a brain impulse and then observed the response.
For instance, Miesenboeck and his team conducted an experiment at Yale University where they modified the neural area of fruit flies to be sensitive to light. The team then beheaded the flies based on the idea that they can survive at least for a day without heads. Miesenoeck discovered that the headless flies flew when he exposed them to light. In other words, Miesenboeck and his team successfully simulated a command from a brain that did not exist anymore. Recently, Meisenboeck conducted an experiment on the networks of nerve cells that controls the memory and perception of an animal at Oxford’s department of neurobiology. Meisenboeck and his team used optogenetics to implant an unpleasant memory in a fruit fly. Meisenboeck observed that the memory helped the animal to remember to avoid a specific door when it moved around. Furthermore, this experiment helped Meisenbock to discover the 12-neuron brain circuit that managed memory formation in a fruit fly. Overall, Meisenboeck has often implied that he hopes the experiments with fruit flies will help him have a broader understanding of the multicellular information processing that is currently evident in single-cell. He further hopes to derive a high-level mechanistic understanding of cell biology that applies to multiple cell types.
Conclusion
Various scientists have focused on neuroscience studies throughout the ages. For instance, Robert Heath performed multiple studies to determine the electrical stimulation of the brain. Heath believed that doctors could utilize ESB to treat homosexuality. Heath worked alongside a multidisciplinary team at Tulane University in New Orleans. They performed surgical operations to insert electrodes in the skulls of more than 60 patients. Geo Miesenboeck later expanded Heath’s research by utilizing the classical conditioning techniques that helped him to discover a less invasive surgical method. Precisely, Meisenboeck used scents and blue lights to influence flies. Nevertheless, some significant differences are evident in the experiments of both researchers. For instance, Heath used barbaric experiments such as the implantation of electrodes into the brain of African American prisoners. On the contrary, Meisonboeck used fruit flies to study the reaction of modified nerve cells in a living organism to light. Overall, Meisenboeck successfully proved the classical conditioning theory when the headless flies flew after sensing light.
Get Professional Assignment Help Cheaply
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Why Choose Our Academic Writing Service?
- Plagiarism free papers
- Timely delivery
- Any deadline
- Skilled, Experienced Native English Writers
- Subject-relevant academic writer
- Adherence to paper instructions
- Ability to tackle bulk assignments
- Reasonable prices
- 24/7 Customer Support
- Get superb grades consistently
Online Academic Help With Different Subjects
Literature
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Finance
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
Psychology
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
Nursing
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Sociology
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
Business
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
Statistics
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Law
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
What discipline/subjects do you deal in?
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Are your writers competent enough to handle my paper?
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
What if I don’t like the paper?
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Reasons being:
- When assigning your order, we match the paper’s discipline with the writer’s field/specialization. Since all our writers are graduates, we match the paper’s subject with the field the writer studied. For instance, if it’s a nursing paper, only a nursing graduate and writer will handle it. Furthermore, all our writers have academic writing experience and top-notch research skills.
- We have a quality assurance that reviews the paper before it gets to you. As such, we ensure that you get a paper that meets the required standard and will most definitely make the grade.
In the event that you don’t like your paper:
- The writer will revise the paper up to your pleasing. You have unlimited revisions. You simply need to highlight what specifically you don’t like about the paper, and the writer will make the amendments. The paper will be revised until you are satisfied. Revisions are free of charge
- We will have a different writer write the paper from scratch.
- Last resort, if the above does not work, we will refund your money.
Will the professor find out I didn’t write the paper myself?
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
What if the paper is plagiarized?
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
When will I get my paper?
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
Will anyone find out that I used your services?
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
How our Assignment Help Service Works
1. Place an order
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
2. Pay for the order
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
3. Track the progress
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
4. Download the paper
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
PLACE THIS ORDER OR A SIMILAR ORDER WITH US TODAY AND GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
